منابع مشابه
Plants versus pathogens: an evolutionary arms race.
The analysis of plant-pathogen interactions is a rapidly moving research field and one that is very important for productive agricultural systems. The focus of this review is on the evolution of plant defence responses and the coevolution of their pathogens, primarily from a molecular-genetic perspective. It explores the evolution of the major types of plant defence responses including pathogen...
متن کاملIntrinsic disorder in pathogen effectors: protein flexibility as an evolutionary hallmark in a molecular arms race.
Effector proteins represent a refined mechanism of bacterial pathogens to overcome plants' innate immune systems. These modular proteins often manipulate host physiology by directly interfering with immune signaling of plant cells. Even if host cells have developed efficient strategies to perceive the presence of pathogenic microbes and to recognize intracellular effector activity, it remains a...
متن کاملRobustness as an evolutionary principle.
We suggest simulating evolution of complex organisms using a model constrained solely by the requirement of robustness in its expression patterns. This scenario is illustrated by evolving discrete logical networks with epigenetic properties. Evidence for dynamical features in the evolved networks is found that can be related to biological observables.
متن کاملLanguage as an evolutionary system
John Maynard Smith and Eörs Szathmáry argued that human language signified the eighth major transition in evolution: human language marked a new form of information transmission from one generation to another [Maynard Smith J, Szathmáry E. The major transitions in evolution. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press; 1995]. According to this view language codes cultural information and as such forms the basis...
متن کاملDevelopment as an Evolutionary Process
his lifetime included the American Medical Association, the Board of Scientific Directors of the Rockefeller Institute, the Executive Committee of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, and the National Academy of Sciences. Fittingly, the last major responsibility he assumed during his life was that of chair of the history of medicine at Johns Hopkins. Fleming does an excellent job of integrat...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: American Anthropologist
سال: 1962
ISSN: 0002-7294,1548-1433
DOI: 10.1525/aa.1962.64.5.02a00030